A localized deformationRefers to any change in the shape, configuration, or geometry of a pipeline from its original or intended form. It results from various factors, including exter… or bulgeRefers to a localized swelling or protrusion on the surface of the pipeline. It is a form of deformation that occurs when the pipe wall expands or distorts outw… in the pipe wall, usually occurring over a short section of the pipeline. It is characterized by a localized inward or outward displacement of the pipe, creating a buckleA deformation of the pipe wall caused by lateral instability under longitudinal compressive stresses imposed by axial or bending loading acting on the pipe cros… or bulge in the affected area. Local buckles can result from various factors, including external forces, mechanical damagePhysical harm or degradation that occurs in a pipeline due to external forces, human activities, construction activities, or other mechanical actions. It can re…, or excessive internal or external pressure. Collapse, localized wall wrinkling, and kinking are examples of local buckling.