residual stress

The internal stressThe internal forces and pressures experienced by a pipeline as a result of various factors, including internal and external loads, operating conditions, and env… that remains within a material after the external forces or loads have been removed. Internal stress is a result of various factors such as manufacturing processes, thermal gradients, phase transformations, plastic deformationRefers to any change in the shape, configuration, or geometry of a pipeline from its original or intended form. It results from various factors, including exter…, or welding.