crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD)

A parameter that characterizes the deformationRefers to any change in the shape, configuration, or geometry of a pipeline from its original or intended form. It results from various factors, including exter… behavior near the crackA fracture or discontinuity in the wall of a pipeline, where the material is separated or broken, potentially compromising the integrity and safety of the pipel… tip and provides valuable information about the material's resistance to crack growth and fracture.